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Strengthening and Supporting Adrenal Function
By Maureen Williams, ND
The adrenal glands put their efforts not only to preparing the body to cope with external stressors, but also to maintaining homeostasis in the ever-changing internal biochemical environment. When the body experiences stress, be it physical stress from exertion or cold, biochemical stress from low blood sugar, or emotional stress, the adrenal cortex is triggered to increase its production of cortisol and DHEA. With prolonged stress, the adrenals’ responsiveness to feedback mechanisms and the normal circadian rhythm of cortisol production become disrupted. Eventually, first DHEA synthesis and then cortisol synthesis diminish if the chronic stimulation by stress is not interrupted.
In order to support or restore healthy adrenal function, several factors need to be in place: a nutrient-dense diet that promotes blood sugar stability, regular exercise, daily periods of relaxation, adequate sleep, and removal of excessively stressful stimuli. Certain nutrients and botanicals can augment a comprehensive program to strengthen adrenal function and improve stress tolerance.
Siberian Ginseng/Eleutherococcus senticosus
Like other ginsengs, Siberian ginseng is an adaptogen, a substance that increases stamina and stress resistance. While adaptogens like Siberian ginseng can be stimulating, they do not provoke side effects common to other stimulants, such as insomnia and rebound fatigue, and tolerance and addiction do not occur even with long-term use. [i] Extracts of Siberian ginseng have been found to prevent the rise in cortisol and concomitant drop in immune function associated with physical stress in laboratory animals, [ii] but in some animal and human trials, a complex response, showing an increase in cortisol output below a stress threshold and a decrease when the threshold is surpassed, has been documented. [iii] [iv] [v] This suggests that treatment with Siberian ginseng might enhance the physiologic response to mild stress while moderating the body’s responsiveness to highly stressful stimuli. The mechanism for this cortisol activity-modulating effect might be related to a direct action at cortisol and other steroid hormone receptor sites. [vi]
A wide range of other health benefits has been ascribed to Siberian ginseng, and researchers have found evidence to support some. Findings from animal studies suggest that Siberian ginseng might improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes. [vii] [viii] [ix] Extracts from Siberian ginseng have demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, [x] [xi] as well as an ability to protect heart [xii] [xiii] and nerve [xiv] [xv] [xvi] cells. Visual perception and memory improvements have been reported in elders treated with Siberian ginseng. [xvii] [xviii] Siberian ginseng has demonstrated direct antiviral activity, [xix] and herbal combinations containing Siberian ginseng have been shown to have immunostimulating effects in people with infections. [xx] [xxi] [xxii] In people with allergies, Siberian ginseng extract was shown to reduce the inflammatory reaction. [xxiii]
Ashwagandha/Withania somnifera
Ashwagandha comes to us from the Ayurvedic tradition, where it has long been used as an adaptogen, antirheumatic, and aphrodisiac. Findings from animal studies suggest that the behaviors and physiologic markers of stress, such as hyperglycemia and increased oxidative load, are moderated by treatment with ashwagandha. [xxiv] [xxv] [xxvi] [xxvii] [xxviii] [xxix] [xxx] [xxxi] [xxxii] Stress-related damage to nerve cells, [xxxiii] [xxxiv] [xxxv] [xxxvi] cardiac function, [xxxvii] and gastric mucosa [xxxviii] have been prevented by ashwagandha in animal models, and normal immune cell activity, which is depressed by stress, has been preserved in animals subjected to stressful situations. [xxxix] It also appears to have a positive impact on glucose and cholesterol metabolisms. [xl] [xli] [xlii] [xliii] [xliv] [xlv]
People treated with ashwagandha often report feeling less anxious in stressful circumstances, and animal studies provide evidence of its GABA-potentiating and anxiolytic effects. [xlvi] [xlvii] [xlviii] [xlix] Ashwagandha appears to have neuro-restorative effects in animal models of neurodegenerative conditions including Parkinson’s disease [l] [li] and Alzheimer’s disease. [lii] [liii] Several animal studies found that ashwagandha prevents drug-induced tardive dyskinesia, a type of Parkinsonism that is a common side effect of antipsychotic medications, in animals. [liv] [lv] [lvi] In human trials, ashwagandha was part of an Aryuvedic program found to improve postural balance in people diagnosed with cerebellar ataxia. [lvii]
Ashwagandha has exhibited immunostimulatory [lviii] [lix] [lx] [lxi] and anti-inflammatory effects. [lxii] Its popular use in the treatment of arthritis has strong support in research performed in animals and in vitro, [lxiii] [lxiv] as well as controlled clinical trials. [lxv] [lxvi]
Ashwagandha has been widely studied for its anticancer potential and a number of in vitro and animal studies have found that ashwagandha and some key constituents, through a number of mechanisms, can act as an anticancer agents against leukemia [lxvii] [lxviii] and tumors of the breast, [lxix] [lxx] prostate, [lxxi] [lxxii] and lungs, [lxxiii] [lxxiv] and possess general antiproliferative effects. [lxxv] [lxxvi] [lxxvii] [lxxviii] [lxxix]
Cordyceps/Corpyceps sinensis
Cordyceps is a mushroom that is much valued and widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Its antioxidant and neuroprotecive effects have been demonstrated in numerous in vitro and animal studies, [lxxx] [lxxxi] [lxxxii] [lxxxiii] [lxxxiv] [lxxxv] giving cordyceps its reputation as an anti-aging medicinal. Cordyceps was also found to prevent antibiotic-induced kidney damage in elderly patients. [lxxxvi] Cordyceps is renowned for its adaptogenic properties and has been found to increase stress-related cortisol production [lxxxvii] [lxxxviii] and improve stress tolerance and exercise endurance [lxxxix] [xc] [xci] in animals, however, research in athletes has so far not supported an endurance-enhancing effect. [xcii] [xciii]
Like other adaptogens, cordyceps displays complex effects on the immune system. Its main polysaccharide, composed of glucose, mannose, and galactose, has been found to increase T-lymphocyte, macrophage, and natural killer cell activity in vitro and in animals, [xciv] [xcv] [xcvi] [xcvii] and in people with chronic renal failure. [xcviii] Cordyceps has been found to preserve normal white blood cell numbers in animals receiving radiation therapy [xcix] [c] and chemotherapeutic agents. [ci] In animal models of autoimmune activity and chronic inflammation, however, cordyceps appears to moderate immune activity [cii] [ciii] [civ] and prevent fibrosis. [cv] [cvi] Its ability to modulate and improve immune cell numbers and activities has been demonstrated in people with genital warts, [cvii] leukemia, [cviii] and cirrhosis. [cix] [cx]
Anticancer activities have been suggested by results from a number of in vitro and animal studies. [cxi] [cxii] [cxiii] [cxiv] [cxv] [cxvi] [cxvii] [cxviii] Cordyceps’ cytolytic and apoptotic effects on cancer cells have been seen in colon, [cxix] leukemic, [cxx] [cxxi] oral, [cxxii] and liver [cxxiii] cancer cell lines. Cordyceps and a cultured preparation of its polysaccharide have also been widely studied for their beneficial effects on glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity in animals with diabetes. [cxxiv] [cxxv] [cxxvi] [cxxvii] [cxxviii] [cxxix] [cxxx]
Vitamin B5/Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B5 is found in some amount in nearly every food, the richest sources being royal jelly, eggs, yeast, meat, poultry, fish, legumes, whole grains and whole grain products. In oral supplements, it is usually in the form of panthenol or calcium pantothenate. This water-soluble vitamin provides a necessary cofactor for biochemical energy-producing pathways in cells throughout the body. Deficiency, while rare in humans, leads to hypoadrenalism in laboratory animals [cxxxi] and supplmentation has been found to increase the adrenals’ responsiveness to the pituitary hormone, adrenocorticotropin releasing hormone (ACTH). [cxxxii]
In addition to its affects on adrenal function, vitamin B5 plays an important role in maintaining healthy cardiovasculature. The importance of vitamin B5 in fatty acid metabolism and cholesterol level regulation has been established. [cxxxiii] People with high blood pressure and coronary artery disease appear to have declining levels of vitamin B5 as disease progresses, and supplementation might be clinically helpful. [cxxxiv] [cxxxv] [cxxxvi]
Adrenal glandular extract
Long before glandular extracts were available in capsules, people ate gland and organ meats for their health-promoting effects. Not only are they rich in vitamins and minerals, they also provide glandular material such as structural proteins and polypeptides that are believed to act as messengers that target glandular tissues in the body, stimulating hormone production and other gland activity. [cxxxvii] This is the basis for the theoretical mechanism by which glandular extracts, though hormone-free, exert some hormonal activity and restore normal glandular function. At this time, there is no scientific support for the use of adrenal glandular extracts.
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